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Seemingly from its birth, Pakistan has teetered on the brink of becoming a failed state. Today, it ranks 133rd out of 148 countries in global competitiveness. Its economy is as dysfunctional as its political system is corrupt; both rely heavily on international aid for their existence. Taliban forces occupy 30 percent of the country. It possesses over a hundred nuclear weapons that could easily fall into terrorists' hands. Why, in an era when countries across the developing world are experiencing impressive economic growth and building democratic institutions, has Pakistan been such a conspicuous failure?
In The Warrior State, noted international relations and South Asia scholar T.V. Paul untangles this fascinating riddle. Paul argues that the "geostrategic curse"--akin to the "resource curse" that plagues oil-rich autocracies--is at the root of Pakistan's unique inability to progress. Since its founding in 1947, Pakistan has been at the center of major geopolitical struggles: the US-Soviet rivalry, the conflict with India, and most recently the post 9/11 wars. No matter how ineffective the regime is, massive foreign aid keeps pouring in from major powers and their allies with a stake in the region. The reliability of such aid defuses any pressure on political elites to launch the far-reaching domestic reforms necessary to promote sustained growth, higher standards of living, and more stable democratic institutions. Paul shows that excessive war-making efforts have drained Pakistan's limited economic resources without making the country safer or more stable. Indeed, despite the regime's emphasis on security, the country continues to be beset by widespread violence and terrorism.
In an age of transnational terrorism and nuclear proliferation, understanding Pakistan's development, particularly the negative effects of foreign aid and geopolitical centrality, is more important than ever. Painstakingly researched and brilliantly argued, The Warrior State tackles what may be the world's most dangerous powder keg and uncovers the true causes of Pakistan's enormously consequential failure.
- Sales Rank: #343786 in Books
- Published on: 2015-07-01
- Released on: 2015-07-01
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 6.10" h x .90" w x 9.20" l, .0 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
Review
"In The Warrior State: Pakistan in the Contemporary World, T.V. Paul...unpack[s] the psychology behind Pakistan's relationship with militants and its other national security pathologies. Paul's most salient analysis of Pakistan's ailments is what he calls the 'geopolitical curse.'" --Shamila N. Chaudhary, New America Foundation, Political Science Quarterly
"Grim yet thoughtful... an insightful and harsh portrait of a dysfunctional nation." --Kirkus Reviews
"Paul lucidly and comprehensively explains the historical circumstances that led to 'a dearth of strong political leaders or political parties with a deep democratic sense of commitment' and created incentives for Pakistan's elite to pursue irresponsible policies... This sobering study will appeal to anyone interested in the region." --Publishers Weekly
"Pakistan and its army sometimes seem to be the same entity. They are not, and no book other than The Warrior State better places Pakistan's army and the state in their international and comparative settings. It will be essential to scholars of the Subcontinent and of international and comparative politics, as well as all those interested in knowing why this country became the way it did." --Stephen P. Cohen, Brookings Institution and author of Shooting for a Century: The India-Pakistan Conundrum
"In The Warrior State, T.V. Paul clarifies why nuclear-armed Pakistan continues to neglect all other aspects of development to maintain military parity with India. Even those who disagree with some of his conclusions will find useful his explanation of Pakistan's insecurities and the policies they have inspired. This book is a valuable addition to the literature on Pakistan's dysfunction and that dysfunction's nexus with militarism and Jihadi militancy." --Husain Haqqani, former ambassador of Pakistan to the United States and Professor of International Relations, Boston University and author of Pakistan Between Mosque and Military
"The Warrior State is a provocative and insightful review of Pakistan's tortured politics filled with interesting comparisons to other Muslim and emerging states." --Bruce Riedel, Director of the Brookings Institution's Intelligence Project
"T.V. Paul's book is a timely commentary on Pakistan's perennial search for stability." --Shuja Nawaz, Director, South Asia Center, Atlantic Council and author of Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within
"The Warrior State provides an unusual perspective on the links between Pakistan's army-dominated political system and the weakness of the Pakistani state, looking at the different experience of some other army-dominated countries. A thought-provoking contribution." --Teresita Schaffer, retired U.S. Ambassador, Brookings Institution
"Several books have recently tried to shed light on the role of the Pakistan army in Pakistani politics. Paul's contribution receives strong endorsement from the Washington-based think-tank gatekeepers on Pakistan: Stephen Cohen, Hussain Haqqani, Bruce Riedel, Shuja Nawaz and Teresita Schaffer. The point the author wants to make is that historically war preparation and war in Europe proved to be an engine of economic development, but in Pakistan this has not been the case." --Pacific Affairs
About the Author
T.V. Paul is James McGill Professor of International Relations at McGill University, Montreal, and a leading scholar of international security, regional security, and South Asia. His 15 published books include: South Asia's Weak States: Understanding the Regional Insecurity Predicament; The India-Pakistan Conflict: An Enduring Rivalry; India in the World Order: Searching for Major Power Status; Globalization and the National Security State, and Status in World Politics. He has also published over 55 journal articles and book chapters and has lectured at research institutions internationally. He is the editor of the book series: South Asia in World Affairs and was the founding director of the McGill/University of Montreal Center for International Peace and Security Studies (CIPSS). During 2013-14 Paul served as vice-president of the International Studies Association (ISA).
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A peek into why Pakistan is at the crossroads
By Raghu Nathan
Pakistan has attracted a lot of attention over the past two decades from strategic analysts, economists, South Asia experts and Islamic scholars. Unfortunately, most of it have been for negative reasons of why the country is becoming a failing state. Today, it is almost accepted wisdom that Pakistan is a failing state, except perhaps for the proud Pakistani elite and middle class. The author of this book, a scholar on International Relations, tries to explain the core causes behind this decline. Most of the reasons he gives such as its geo-strategic location, its rivalry with India etc are well-known and nothing new. What I found interesting was his theoretical discussion on war-making as a way of national development and why Pakistan failed in this endeavour unlike many European societies of the past or some Asian societies in the 20th century.
Dr.Paul's arguments for Pakistan's failure revolve around three themes.
The first one is what he calls the 'geo-strategic curse' whereby Pakistan chose to be rather a rentier state using its strategic location at the crossroads of Russia/Central Asia and Southern Asia/China. During the Cold War years and later post 9/11, the Pakistani civilian and military elite collected rent from the US in providing various services to keep the USSR and Al-Qaeda in check. China recognised Pakistan's importance in its relations with India and the Pak elite used China to obtain benefits in return for being a thorn in India's security calculus. Saudi Arabia is also a benefactor as they use the Pakistani army for helping it in checking the advance of Iran-backed Shia dominance in the Persian Gulf region. Unfortunately, very little of all this largesse has gone towards improving the lives of poor Pakistanis.
The second theme is Pakistan's obsession to see itself as India's equal in the international arena, in spite of the size differences. A major reason for this is Pakistan's creation as a state for Indian Muslims and the notion that they, as descendants of the Central Asian Muslims, are the rightful rulers of India, now that the British have left. The Pakistani elite has internalised this superiority over Hindus and so the need to have strategic parity with India has assumed proportions beyond rational reasons. With an economy that is just 12% that of India's, this quest for parity is obviously unsustainable, thereby debilitating the civilian economy.
The third theme is what Dr.Paul calls the `hyper-real politik' view of Pakistan's situation where the dangers to its existence are hyped way beyond reality. The idea that India is unreconciled to partition and will want to militarily overrun Pakistan and re-incorporate it into a `Greater India' is something the Pakistani elite consider a real possibility, however fanciful it looks to Indians and the rest of the world. As a result, this also contributes to resources being taken away from the people towards militarization.
All this is quite well known and nothing new. Then, Dr.Paul goes on to discuss Pakistan's failure in nation-building as a comparative study to what happened with nations like Turkey, South Korea, Taiwan and Israel, all of which were also nations where a war-making psychology dominated their consciousness since the end of the Second World War. However, these countries successfully used their security vulnerability to integrate into the global economy and become developmental states, instituting land reforms, investing in education, health care and advancing democracy. Brazil is cited as another example to make a similar transition from military dictatorship to a developmental state, even though its security situation was much more benign. It is for the Pakistani elite to ponder over why they did not do the same and become an economic powerhouse and thereby challenge India. Looking at the current state of affairs in Pakistan, where sectarian strife, economic stagnation and massive unemployment among its young dominate life while the military is still pre-occupied with securing a `friendly regime' in Afghanistan, it seems unlikely in the near future for the country to focus on becoming a `developmental state'.
I can't help recalling in this context something I read elsewhere on the Indian Islamic scholar Maulana Azad, who made some significant predictions about Pakistan in interviews to Shorish Kashmiri, editor of a Lahore magazine, back in 1946. He had said,
"the moment the creative warmth of Pakistan cools down, the contradictions will emerge and will acquire assertive overtones. These will be fuelled by the clash of interests of international powers and consequently both wings will separate.....after the separation of East Pakistan, whenever it happens, West Pakistan will become the battleground of regional contradictions and disputes,"
Maulana Azad also had warned that the "evil consequences of Partition" will not affect India alone. He said, "Pakistan will be equally haunted by them... We must remember that an entity conceived in hatred shall last only as long as that hatred lasts. This hatred shall overwhelm relations between India and Pakistan. In this situation it will not be possible for India and Pakistan to become friends and live amicably unless some catastrophic event takes place."
It is such a prescient observation and we can only hope that this catastrophe event, if it happens, is not nuclear in nature.
I found the book educational reading mainly for its theories on war making and development. Those who are not much familiar with the Indo-Pak dynamic, would find it very interesting, productive and informative. Every time I read a book on this subject, I wonder why India and Pakistan cannot emulate the great example of Germany, France and UK, all of whom buried the aftermath of a bitter war and within a short span of 20 years after 1945, established a healthy. productive and friendly relationship.
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
The eternal client
By ewaffle
The resource curse is one of the most common reasons given for lack of development among countries in the global south, along with geographic isolation, a colonial legacy of legal and bureaucratic obstacles to economic and political competition and unchecked corruption of political elites. Pakistan doesn’t have (or isn’t cursed with) exploitable natural resources; you can look all you want and will not find vast pools of oil, endless seams of copper or forests stretching to the horizon. However in “The Warrior State” T.V. Paul finds that Pakistan has many of the characteristics of a nation whose economy is dependent on extracting and exporting non-renewable resources with little or no processing. Oil in Nigeria or copper in Zambia are examples of a single resource that overshadows the entire economy.
So while not having the “resource” part of the resource curse, Pakistan suffers from what the author calls a geostrategic curse. It has made use of its pivotal position in South Asia to attract billions of dollars of aid money which it has funneled to its military and intelligence sectors, which led to continuous armed conflict, autocratic leaders with no accountability, endemic corruption, weak civil society and no real demand for the institutional reforms necessary to challenge the dreadful status quo. No matter how ineffective the regime, massive foreign aid keeps pouring in from major powers and their allies with a stake in South Asia. From the time of the “Great Game” when Great Britain and Russia confronted each other over control of Central Asia and the gateway to India to the Cold War to the post-9/11 “War on Terror”, Pakistan’s strategic position insured that the United States and, more recently, the People’s Republic of China will keep the payments flowing. The reliability of such aid defuses any pressure on political elites to launch the far-reaching domestic reforms necessary to promote sustained growth, higher standards of living, and more stable democratic institutions.
Paul is a political scientist with knowledge both wide and deep of states with many of the same opportunities and challenges faced by Pakistan. He examines Turkey, Egypt, Indonesia, Taiwan, and South Korea and demonstrates how the presence of entrenched military and civilian elites, a divisive national narrative rooted in a narrow interpretation of Islam, and an inability to link national security to economic development, have prevented Pakistan from emulating successful developmental states as well as those that have, in recent years, managed to rein in powerful militaries.
“The Warrior State” is not without some significant flaws particularly Paul’s description of the economy as “semi-feudal” without defining what this means. It is inaccurate since Pakistan is thoroughly capitalist and is no longer dominated by a landlord-tenant economic relationship. Urban interests have been and continue to merge with an increasingly capitalist agrarian economy, making fundamental changes in modes of production if not in ownership of the means of production. Quibbles aside, this an important book from a brilliant analyst, one that can be read by anyone with an interest in South Asia and that should be read by policymakers for that volatile area.
4 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent book to understand Pakistan's insecurity predicament
By Stefanie von Hlatky
Paul's concept of 'geostrategic curse' is an important contribution to the literature and illustrates the tensions between security dynamics and development efforts.
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