Rabu, 29 Januari 2014

** Ebook Coercion, Survival, and War: Why Weak States Resist the United States, by Phil Haun

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Coercion, Survival, and War: Why Weak States Resist the United States, by Phil Haun

In asymmetric interstate conflicts, great powers have the capability to coerce weak states by threatening their survival—but not vice versa. It is therefore the great power that decides whether to escalate a conflict into a crisis by adopting a coercive strategy.

In practice, however, the coercive strategies of the U.S. have frequently failed. In Coercion, Survival and War Phil Haun chronicles 30 asymmetric interstate crises involving the US from 1918 to 2003. The U.S. chose coercive strategies in 23 of these cases, but coercion failed half of the time: most often because the more powerful U.S. made demands that threatened the very survival of the weak state, causing it to resist as long as it had the means to do so. It is an unfortunate paradox Haun notes that, where the U.S. may prefer brute force to coercion, these power asymmetries may well lead it to first attempt coercive strategies that are expected to fail in order to justify the war it desires.

He concludes that, when coercion is preferred to brute force there are clear limits as to what can be demanded. In such cases, he suggests, U.S. policymakers can improve the chances of success by matching appropriate threats to demands, by including other great powers in the coercive process, and by reducing a weak state leader's reputational costs by giving him or her face-saving options.

  • Sales Rank: #2598913 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .80" w x 6.00" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 288 pages

Review
"Why do U.S. efforts to coerce weak states work only half the time? Why does a particular form of coercion called coercive diplomacy fail two thirds of the time? Why do the weak resist in the face of overwhelming U.S. power? In this fine study, Phil Haun develops a novel theory of asymmetric coercion and answers these important questions."—Robert Art, Herter Professor of International Relations, Brandeis University

About the Author
Phil M. Haun is Professor of Aerospace Studies at Yale University and a Colonel in the U.S. Air Force.

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Well-founded but uninteresting conclusions
By Radway
Haun's book is a solid addition to the literature on coercion and asks an interesting and important question. And the basic logic is sound. If compliance with a coercive demand will lead to the destruction of the target state, than the target state has little incentive to avoid war by acquiescing to the demand. But Haun exaggerates the extent to which US coercive demands threatened the "survival" of target states. State death is an extremely rare occurrence. Of course no state is likely to be happy with a reduction in its military capability and corresponding decrease in security, but this is not the same as truly fearing for survival. So, Haun's overall analysis is a little shaky and unconvincing in this regard. Further, the author's conclusions are more or less a rehashing of the conventional wisdom on coercion. Haun's assertion that coercion is more likely to succeed if the coercing power does not ask for too much and also allows for the target state to save face is well-founded. But that is essentially coercion 101 - he is not offering us anything new. Coercion scholars ranging from Alexander George to Daniel Byman to Thomas Schelling proffered the same arguments and conclusions years ago. In sum, this a well written book that offers solid conclusions, but it does little to advance the existing literature or expand our understanding of military coercion.

0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Sid
Good explanation of coercion, as well as alternative theory and practical applications over time.

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Leopold Classic Library is delighted to publish this classic book as part of our extensive collection. As part of our on-going commitment to delivering value to the reader, we have also provided you with a link to a website, where you may download a digital version of this work for free. Many of the books in our collection have been out of print for decades, and therefore have not been accessible to the general public. Whilst the books in this collection have not been hand curated, an aim of our publishing program is to facilitate rapid access to this vast reservoir of literature. As a result of this book being first published many decades ago, it may have occasional imperfections. These imperfections may include poor picture quality, blurred or missing text. While some of these imperfections may have appeared in the original work, others may have resulted from the scanning process that has been applied. However, our view is that this is a significant literary work, which deserves to be brought back into print after many decades. While some publishers have applied optical character recognition (OCR), this approach has its own drawbacks, which include formatting errors, misspelt words, or the presence of inappropriate characters. Our philosophy has been guided by a desire to provide the reader with an experience that is as close as possible to ownership of the original work. We hope that you will enjoy this wonderful classic book, and that the occasional imperfection that it might contain will not detract from the experience.

  • Published on: 2015-07-24
  • Released on: 2015-07-24
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .28" w x 6.00" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 120 pages

About the Author
J.M. Barrie was born in 1860, the ninth of ten children of hard-working parents in Scotland's jute-weaving industry. Fascinated by stories of her own life told him by his mother, he was determined to write, finding work on the Nottingham Journal after graduating from Edinburgh University. In 1885, he moved to London as a freelance writer and successfully sold the Auld Licht Idylls, a volume based on his mother's tales. By the time Peter Pan opened on the London stage in 1904, Barrie had written more than thirty novels and plays, many autobiographical and several of them major hits such as The Little Minister, Quality Street and The Admirable Crichton. Knighted and awarded the Order of Merit he continued writing into old age. He died in 1937.

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6 of 6 people found the following review helpful.
Window in Thrums
By Diana Graf
I bought this book because my father gave me a paperweight which had a house with a small window looking out on a road with a stone wall winding beside it. The inscription reads Window in Thrums. His grandmother had come from Scotland as a girl and had given it to him. He gave it to me and I looked it up on the internet. I found it at amazon and was much surprised to find that it was written by Mr. Barrie. Much of it is in Scottish brogue but once you get used to it the meaning and the emotion of the story come through. It is very meaningful to me. Thank you very much. My father didn't know the story and unfortunately he passed away when the book was in the mail to him. That is my only sorrow associated with this fine book.

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Senin, 27 Januari 2014

> Fee Download Definition of Suicide, by Edwin Shneidman

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Definition of Suicide, by Edwin Shneidman

How can one enrich the time remaining in the life of a terminally ill person? What are the emotional, mental and physical stages that precede a suicide attempt? And how can we begin to imagine our own deaths as fitting conclusions to our lives? In Voices of Death, Dr. Edwin Shneidman offers a collection of personal accounts - letters, diaries, interviews, and suicide notes - gathered through years of working with those confronting death. Accompanying these documents is Shneidman's own searching and insightful commentary, enhancing our understanding of the passage toward death. Each story contains glimpses of heroism, hope, and despair. Together, in this honest and compassionate work, they help us learn to face death - our own and of those closest to us - with courage and with grace.

  • Sales Rank: #3240439 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-14
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .64" w x 6.00" l, .84 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 254 pages

About the Author
In a career that spanned more than four decades, Dr. Edwin S. Shneidman was the chief of the first national suicide prevention program, at the National Institute of Mental Health; founded the American Association of Suicidology; and was the first professor of thanatology (the study of death) at the University of California, Los Angeles. Until Dr. Shneidman took up the study of suicide shortly after World War II, the subject had received little sustained attention from researchers or clinicians. But as a researcher, theoretician, lecturer and author and editor of a dozen books, he helped establish the study of suicide as an interdisciplinary field and devised many concepts now widely accepted.

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7 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Defintion of Suicide - from the father o suicidology
By Proença, Mário R.P.
Once again I'm writing here a review of one of the most experts in suicidology - Shneidman, Edwin, Ph.D. Dr. Shneidman, the father of Suicidology is the right person write about the defintion of suicide. It is a valuable resource for both students and professional in the mental health area. As Litman, M.D. said - "...this is an epic book of scholarship...", and it surely is. From the characteristics of suicide to an historical view, and a most educational book, I would say that this masterpeace is unique in its scope and content and with no doubt worth reading.

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> PDF Ebook Shapeshifters: Black Girls and the Choreography of Citizenship, by Aimee Meredith Cox

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In Shapeshifters Aimee Meredith Cox explores how young Black women in a Detroit homeless shelter contest stereotypes, critique their status as partial citizens, and negotiate poverty, racism, and gender violence to create and imagine lives for themselves. Based on eight years of fieldwork at a local shelter for women and girls, Cox shows how the shelter's residents—who range in age from fifteen to twenty-two—employ strategic methods she characterizes as choreography to disrupt the social hierarchies and prescriptive narratives that work to marginalize them. Among these are dance and poetry, which residents learn in shelter workshops. These outlets for performance and self-expression, Cox shows, are key to the residents exercising their agency, while their creation of alternative family structures demands a rethinking of notions of care, protection, and love. Cox also uses these young women's experiences to tell larger stories of Detroit's history, the Great Migration, deindustrialization, the politics of respectability, and the construction of Black girls and women as social problems. With Shapeshifters Cox gives a voice to young Black women who find creative and non-normative solutions to the problems that come with being young, Black, and female in America. 

  • Sales Rank: #617053 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2015-07-24
  • Released on: 2015-07-24
  • Format: Kindle eBook

Review
"In this powerful book, Aimee Meredith Cox boldly re-conceptualizes the very meaning of 'public anthropology' in the twenty-first century. With vibrant, nuanced, and crackling ethnographic material, Shapeshifters offers a poignant telling of these women's stories." (John L. Jackson, Jr., author of Thin Description: Ethnography and the African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem)

"In this powerful and passionate book Aimee Meredith Cox communicates important messages about the integrity and humanity of black girls, their potential, and the ways this potential is variously thwarted, squeezed, bounced, and redirected. Rich in detail and at times hilarious, painful, and revealing, Cox's ethnography provides an account of the ways girls move through the obstacle course of poverty, racism, and gender violence to create and imagine lives for themselves."
(Elizabeth Chin, author of Purchasing Power: Black Kids and American Consumer Culture)

"Cox shows that “Black girls’ lives matter” and how their voices articulate that.  This ethnographic study of young black women and girls is an essential read and companion to the larger picture of African American lives in urban settings, which are often mired in poverty, crime, and despair.  However, this rare study brings hope rather than hopelessness as it delves into the heart of human expression and gives voice to a will to live beyond any limitations of what poverty may dictate in contemporary North America." (M. Christian Choice Magazine)

"This lively book, Cox’s account of her work as a participant-observer in a Detroit homeless shelter for teen girls, reveals both the many obstacles faced by young women of color and the creative ways in which they use self-expression (language, music, fashion, and dance) to find a new way to live otherwise. The stories, harrowing and fascinating, shine a light on the lives of our least empowered citizens—teenage African American girls—while Cox’s thinking helps us see the power of being able to shape-shift." (Anne Fernald Public Books 2016-06-16)

About the Author
Aimee Meredith Cox is Assistant Professor of African and African American Studies at Fordham University.

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2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Shapeshifting
By CLMc121860
Read this book for a class. It was interesting. Made me wonder about the further adventures of these women. Greeted a place of curiosity in me about issues of poor black women that I had not considered

2 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By daysi
Interesting ethnography definitely would recommend

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The Inequality Advantage: The Principles of Covert Power, by Mitch Vandell

The Inequality Advantage: The Principles of Covert Power, by Mitch Vandell



The Inequality Advantage: The Principles of Covert Power, by Mitch Vandell

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The Inequality Advantage: The Principles of Covert Power, by Mitch Vandell

Power is no longer defined by force; it is the ability to inspire people to voluntarily and unwittingly act against their self-interests for your benefit. The methods enabling this are remarkably similar between countries, companies and individuals alike. These are the principles of covert power.

  • Sales Rank: #9112617 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-10
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .47" w x 6.00" l, .62 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 188 pages

Most helpful customer reviews

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent
By michael naylor
The Inequality Advantage is a book that looks at the world in a new and unique way. If there is one thing I can almost guarantee is that this book will make you take a second look at the world around you and reconsider a lot of things you held true. That can sound a little scary but a new and different perspective on life is a good thing and it is certainly interesting.

this is a book that makes a bold claim and provides plenty to back it up and I have actually read through it twice now as it is an enjoyable read that leaves you with a lot to think about.

Overall this is a brilliant book that provides a unique and compelling view of the world that will definitely make you think about everything in a new light.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Compels you to think and rethink
By Meghan
Mitch Vandell’s ‘The Inequality Advantage’ will make your head spin. It’s like meeting someone who tells you “bad is not only good, it’s great,” then proceeds in demonstrating the truth of it, one compelling evidence after another. But while the previous book focused on the corporate or business context, this new book extends to the world at large—to societies and economies, providing jaws-dropping answers to questions that may have been nagging you, such as: “Why are certain countries hopelessly corrupt and how others succeeded in clawing out of their economic sinkhole?”

At its heart, the book asserts a powerful rethinking of the way we have conventionally regarded power and management and accountability. In fact, my hackles started rising at the very first line, “The most dominant and technically advanced civilizations throughout history have all prospered by creating massive divides between a ruling elite and masses of workers.” And another, on tokenism: “Salad is the most fattening diet in the world as it is used as the prime excuse to eat cookies and ice cream.” But I’m only mentioning the asides, because the “meat” (pun intended) of the book lies in what Vandell fleshes out as the “baffling” reasons why groups tend to act against their own self-interest, and why the masses seem to be “blissfully ignorant” of it. Ultimately, the book’s real value is in its power to compel you to think and rethink, and hopefully, to help you realize and understand the situation you’re in and find effective ways to overcome insidious self-sabotage and finally turn the tables to your own advantage.

Reading this book felt like discovering Alvin Toffler for the first time, 20 years ago, in my college dorm, and thinking, “God, these are ideas that will turn the world upside down!” I have read Vandell’s earlier book, Bargepole Management, and where that stopped, The Inequality Advantage extended. Astonishing in its implications, The Inequality Advantage should be on the bookshelves of thinking people everywhere.

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Sabtu, 25 Januari 2014

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  • Sales Rank: #633098 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2015-07-31
  • Released on: 2015-07-31
  • Format: Kindle eBook

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## Download PDF Operation Road Trip: How a video camera, a bottle of rum and a car renewed my faith in the future, by Janet Roberts

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Operation Road Trip: How a video camera, a bottle of rum and a car renewed my faith in the future, by Janet Roberts

A fascinating tale of how a video camera, a bottle of rum and a car renewed the author's faith in the future. It is an upbeat and illuminating ride through an explosion of on-the-ground initiatives around the country that are creating a caring future for people and the planet. You will meet the artists, economists, teachers, media folks, neighbors and social activists who are making it happen.

Along the way, the author shares her quirky insights and passions as she embarks on this solo road trip to video interview 51 innovative change-makers on a journey that covered 13,026 miles in two and one half months. It is a personal story of self-growth and healing wrapped around a treasure trove of hopeful ventures.

They include the Pueblo artist whose stirring work appears on the Washington Mall; the band of church goers and nomads that create a village of tiny homes for the homeless; the Blues lovers that launch the Creative Economy in Mississippi; the Mexican American teacher who closes the achievement gap in a Tucson High School; the African cocoa farmers who co-own their own chocolate company; the nuns who sustainably farm 1200 acres in Indiana; the industrial sized worker owned cooperatives that are changing lives and the economic future of Cleveland; the fun loving creative university leader who has Montana farmers loving college food; the founder of a Native American organization that is helping parents reclaim their children; the LGBT power broker who put Florida on the forefront of the Gay Rights Movement and so many more.

Sit back, sip a cup of tea or a glass of wine and let your heart soar as you immerse yourself in the energetic spirit of the author and the passions of people who are truly shifting our society to one that takes care of people and the planet!

  • Sales Rank: #4534987 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-14
  • Original language: English
  • Dimensions: 9.00" h x .54" w x 6.00" l,
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 236 pages

About the Author

After years of dedicating herself to creating a loving and sustainable world and recognizing there was so much more work to be done, Jan terminated her serious attitude. In 2012, strangely inspired by the clandestine approach of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), she established Cultural Innovations Agency (CIA), a nonprofit organization. Under the cover of a good time over delicious food and drinks, the CIA exerts its mission known as Operation Bon Appetit to change the world one dinner party at a time. Volunteer CIA culinary agents host dinner parties and guide guests in convivial and enlightening conversations about what is going right in the US.

To spark these dinner conversations, Jan drove around the country in her Prius for 2 ½ months capturing video interviews with people with a passion, who were creating transformational change in their communities and nationally. Jan served as creator, producer and videographer for the Road Trip series.

In the 70’s she established innovative programs that served women; in the 80’s alternative health program and in the 90’s the Institute for Ethics & Meaning to strengthen the Community Spirit of Caring in the Tampa Bay Area. Jan founded Earth Charter US (1999 to December 2013). The Earth Charter (EC) is a global agreement for a sustainable future written by thousands of people in 77 countries over the course of ten years. Jan was recognized at the international launch of the Earth Charter at the Hague Peace Palace in 2000 for leading the major effort in the United States.

Jan’s free spirit has led her to live on her sailboat for six years, become a licensed “6 Pack” Coast Guard Captain, rappel down a cliff during an Outward Bound venture to face her fear of heights, fly an office chair attached to an Air Boat propeller engine over the Green Swamp and to call Mikhail Gorbachev’s right hand person and President of Green Cross International, Alexander Likhotal, on his cell phone while visiting the US to invite Gorbachev to her 2001 Earth Charter Community Summits.

Jan also served on the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development’s education caucus and was adjunct professor in the College of Business at the University of Tampa where she taught MBA courses on Sustainability: The Triple Bottom Line—People, Planet & Profit. Website: http://operationbonappetit.org/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/operationbonappetit?_rdr

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Amazing Adventure and Real People
By ballboy
I read the first 70 pages of the first draft and couldn't put it down. Such a wonderful and honest story about traveling alone and meeting such incredible real people. I wish I had been along with her. She paints such a great picture of each of them that I can see and hear them. Jan is an adventurist and daring woman and this book chronicles her voyage across America, looking for those people who make a difference. Kudos to you Jan.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
As I read this book, I wanted to be ...
By Genie
As I read this book, I wanted to be in the interviews, ask my own questions. It is making me go to the Operation Bon Appetit website and listen to them - and they are fascinating. It is inspiring to find out about what people are doing to try to improve our country and world - and inspiring that Jan took this trip to meet those people and share their efforts with us.

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Riding with Jan
By George
Wow, the nearly perfect balance between personal tragedy and social hope, filled with memorable characters along the way in the search for a renewed America. Robert's search for transformation, both personal and societal, takes the reader on a cross country adventure. The interviews are both quirky and revealing. The internal dialogue is brutally honest. A great read!

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Occultism in a Global Perspective (Approaches to New Religions)From Routledge

The study of the ideas and practices associated with occultism is a rapidly growing branch of contemporary scholarship. However, most research has focused on English and French speaking areas and has not addressed the wider spread and significance of occultism. Occultism in a Global Perspective presents a broad international overview. Essays range across the German magical order of the Fraternitas Saturni, esoteric Satanism in Denmark, sexual magic in Colombia and the reception of occultism in modern Turkey, India and the former Yugoslavia. As any other form of cultural practice, the occult is not isolated from its social, discursive, religious, and political environment. By studying occultism in its global context, the book offers insights into the reciprocal relationships that colour and shape regional occultism.

  • Sales Rank: #3871956 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-24
  • Released on: 2015-07-23
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.21" h x .62" w x 6.14" l, .0 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 272 pages

Review

“The book easily ranks as one of the significant contributions of the year.” – Heterodoxology blog

"A welcome and valuable addition to our knowledge about this wide-ranging subject … Occultism in a Global Perspective is a book of profound significance for anthropologists." – Anthropology Review Database

"A valuable set of studies of little known movements" – Magonia Review of Books

About the Author

Henrik Bogdan is Docent, History of Religions at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Gordan Djurdjevic lectures in the Department of Humanities at the Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, Canada.

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Indispensable volume on the global spread of modern occultism
By Egil Asprem
This collection of articles is an important contribution to academic scholarship on modern esotericism. It is the first volume to address in a systematic fashion the global spread of western esoteric currents (especially those formed in the crucible of 19th century anglophone occultism), and thus the first attempt to place the recent critical historical work on esotericism in a global context. There is clearly much more work to be done in this area, and Occultisn in a Global Perspective will not be the final word in the debate. It is nevertheless an excellent and indispensable reference for scholars interested in this area of study.

0 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Shallow
By Kukai888
For such a shallow research, this is extremely expensive.

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Rabu, 22 Januari 2014

^ Fee Download Objetivismo: la filosofía benevolente (Spanish Edition), by Warren Orbaugh

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Objetivismo: la filosofía benevolente (Spanish Edition), by Warren Orbaugh

Hay quienes confunden el objetivismo, que es un movimiento filosófico, con el libertarianismo, pero en realidad son dos cosas diferentes. El objetivismo es un sistema filosófico (iniciado por Ayn Rand). El libertarianismo no. El libertarianismo consiste en una postura política: en respetar el proyecto de vida del otro, en tanto éste no viole los derechos de los demás. Varios sistemas filosóficos coinciden en sus principios políticos con este postulado. De tal manera que los libertarios pueden estar de acuerdo en este punto y diferir en otros principios. El libertarianismo no responde a preguntas como ¿de dónde vienen los derechos? ¿Cómo lo sabemos? ¿Son necesarias y posibles las respuestas a esas preguntas para defender la libertad? Los sistemas filosóficos son los que responden a estas preguntas. Un sistema filosófico es un conjunto de principios que responden a nuestras inquietudes de ¿qué es la realidad? ¿Cómo lo sabemos? Y según las respuestas a lo anterior, ¿cómo debemos actuar? ¿Cómo debemos interrelacionarnos con los demás? ¿Qué es importante? A estas y muchas otras preguntas filosóficas el lector encontrará las respuestas en este libro.

  • Sales Rank: #3109958 in Books
  • Published on: 2015-07-09
  • Original language: Spanish
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.50" h x .93" w x 5.50" l, 1.04 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 372 pages

About the Author
Warren Orbaugh, Director del Centro de Estudios del Capitalismo de la Universidad Francisco Marroquín y Exdirector del Centro Henry Hazlitt de la misma institución, es profesor de la Maestría de Filosofía Objetivista en la Escuela de Posgrado, de Filosofía de Mises en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas, de Teoría e Historia, de Diseño Estructural en Acero, y Diseño Arquitectónico Avanzado, en la Facultad de Arquitectura.

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5 of 8 people found the following review helpful.
Tergiversación y banalización de la filosofía de Ayn Rand
By A is A
Este libro tergiversa completamente la filosofía Objetivista de Ayn Rand, malinterpreta muchos conceptos fundamentales y agrega aspectos inexistentes en el Objetivismo, lo que es lamentable vista la enorme riqueza de esta filosofía, diseñada en su totalidad por la más grande pensadora desde Aristóteles.
Resulta difícil decidir por dónde empezar a desmenuzar la enorme cantidad de errores y falencias que contiene este libro. Analizaré primero su contenido filosófico y luego su estructura y su forma.

Orbaugh parte de la base que Objetivismo (ver definición correcta aquí www.Objetivismo.org/que-es-Objetivismo) es un sistema filosófico abierto; así, se permite agregar un sinfín de ideas que Ayn Rand jamás pronunció, muchas de las cuales no sólo son banales sino que rompen la coherencia del sistema.

Dice Leonard Peikoff en “Fact and Value” (1989): “. . . Every philosophy, by the nature of the subject, is immutable. New implications, applications, integrations can always be discovered; but the essence of the system — its fundamental principles and their consequences in every branch — is laid down once and for all by the philosophy’s author. If this applies to any philosophy, think how much more obviously it applies to Objectivism. Objectivism holds that every truth is an absolute, and that a proper philosophy is an integrated whole, any change in any element of which would destroy the entire system.” Y destruir el sistema entero es lo que este libro hace.

Ayn Rand desarrolló minuciosamente siete virtudes: racionalidad, independencia, integridad, honestidad, justicia, productividad y orgullo, validando cada una de ellas en su esencia, mostrando en cada caso la relación metafísica entre existencia y consciencia.

Para Orbaugh esas virtudes no son suficientes, y se permite introducir muchas más, en su mayoría conceptos vagos sin relación con Objetivismo ni con la filosofía en general: determinación, perseverancia, ambición, honradez, confiabilidad, sinceridad, fortalecimiento (¡!), “florecimiento” (¡!), limpieza (¡¡¡!!!), etc.

Orbaugh define así la virtud de la “generosidad”: “. . . estar dispuesto a proveer tiempo y bienes a otros sin esperar retorno definitivo, como ayuda en una emergencia o como una inversión no específica en su potencial”. Esa definición evoca altruismo y desprendimiento, contradiciendo el egoísmo racional y el principio del intercambio voluntario desarrollados por Ayn Rand.

La virtud de la “benevolencia” (que le da el título al libro) – “. . . el hábito de tener buena voluntad hacia los demás y respetarlos” – es indudablemente una cualidad deseable, entendida en términos racionales y cuando no implica auto-sacrificio, pero supone basar esta filosofía en la actitud de uno hacia terceros. “Objetivismo: la filosofía benevolente” significa “Objetivismo: la filosofía de buena voluntad y respeto hacia los demás”. ¿Es apropiado ese título para definirla? No. El estándar de la ética Objetivista es la propia vida, no la vida de los demás.

La virtud de la “confiabilidad”: “. . . el hábito de proyectar hacia los demás la seguridad de que uno honrará la obligación asumida, lo que les permite a los demás contar con uno” confirma el enfoque en terceros, no en uno mismo, destruyendo la coherencia del sistema.

Carezco de palabras para describir la enorme cantidad de soserías que introduce Orbaugh al hablar de la virtud de la “limpieza”: explica cómo se forma la suciedad en nuestro cuerpo (a través de secreciones, descamación cutánea, etc.), los malos olores que ella genera, y las enfermedades que podemos pescar en consecuencia. Explica también cómo debemos bañarnos, por dónde pasar la esponja, cómo cepillarnos los dientes y cómo limpiar nuestra casa. Este tema no compete en absoluto a la filosofía en general, y menos aún a Objetivismo.

La virtud del “fortalecimiento” es aún peor. Orbaugh la define como “afanarse por conseguir ser fuerte, flexible, resistente, coordinado, veloz, de reacción rápida, simétrico y tener magnetismo físico”, y explica cuál debe ser nuestra rutina de ejercicios, cuánto debe durar, cuántas veces por semana repetirla; nos da consejos sobre nutrición, etc. Esto no sólo no pertenece al ámbito de la filosofía, sino que representa una peligrosa descripción de cómo “debe” ser la fisionomía del hombre y de la mujer. Dice: “El cuerpo ideal femenino consiste en estar sin exceso de grasa o flacidez. Más bien debe tener buen tono muscular, con músculos bien formados y firmes sin verse musculada. Las piernas esbeltas con una ligera dilatación al frente y en la parte posterior de los muslos; los glúteos bien redondeados con caderas midiendo aproximadamente lo mismo que el busto. . .” “El cuerpo ideal masculino consiste en tener hombros anchos y bien desarrollados con un cuello que se vea fuerte, pero que no sea muy grueso; músculos pectorales con la parte superior y lateral bien desarrollados, de manera que se vean cuadrados, pero no muy grandes; espalda con buena musculatura. . .”.

Que Orbaugh introduzca esos párrafos como parte de Objetivismo es alarmante, aberrante y peligroso. Está describiendo al “hombre ideal”, con un cuerpo perfecto, como si la virtud dependiera del físico. Evoca teorías de superioridad física de ideologías totalitarias, y cualquier nuevo lector creerá que Objetivismo consiste en crear “superhombres”, con consecuencias catastróficas.

Si Orbaugh quería divulgar conceptos filosóficos creados por él, e introducir a su antojo aspectos no-filosóficos, debería haber aclarado explícitamente que esos aspectos no son Objetivismo, sino su opinión personal. Eso es lo que hacen los más destacados intelectuales Objetivistas cuando opinan sobre aspectos no incluidos en esa filosofía; pero Orbaugh da a entender que todo el contenido del libro, sin excepción, es Objetivismo.

El libro resulta prácticamente imposible de leer. Carece de estructura, tiene párrafos larguísimos y apartados interminables que abarcan varios temas, pero organizados como si se trataran del mismo; conceptos y definiciones se repiten constante e innecesariamente, desarrollando aspectos ya vistos como si nunca hubiesen sido tratados; cada capítulo y subapartado carece de cohesión con lo anterior y con lo posterior, como si de un copy-paste gigante se tratara; y tiene infinidad de errores ortográficos y gramaticales graves que uno no espera encontrar en un libro de filosofía (ni en ningún otro).

Orbaugh no llega a explicar de forma organizada y entendible lo que realmente es Objetivismo. Unas veces ignora conceptos esenciales; otras deja de explicar conceptos que sí son esenciales, mencionándolos sólo al final de su perorata, cuando en realidad deberían ser lo primero a explicar, por ser la base para entender el resto. Al hablar de valores, por ejemplo, el autor no identifica de manera fácil, clara y simple un concepto clave: la vida como valor fundamental y como fin en sí mismo; esboza una explicación pero sin aclarar el concepto, de hecho generando más preguntas que respuestas.

Obviamente Orbaugh no comprende Objetivismo, lo cual explica su pésimo trabajo intentando enseñarlo. Su libro le hace un enorme daño a Objetivismo porque lo pervierte, lo distorsiona y lo banaliza.

La primacía de la libertad de expresión no es debatible. Si alguien quiere crear un nuevo sistema “filosófico” que incluya consejos de aseo y de ejercicio físico, y si como parte de su “sistema” quiere incluir su interpretación de los principios Objetivistas, adelante; nadie se opondrá. Pero utilizar el nombre de Ayn Rand y de Objetivismo para expresar sus opiniones personales, tergiversando los principios de esa filosofía y alegando que le “faltan” cosas (que él se atreve a agregar) es sumamente deshonesto.

Apliquemos esta cita de Ayn Rand: “There is nothing wrong in using ideas, anybody’s ideas. Provided that you give appropriate credit, you can make any mixture of ideas that you want; the contradiction will be yours. But why do you need the name of someone with whom you do not agree in order to spread your misunderstandings — or worse, your nonsense and falsehoods?”

3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
“I'm glad that you are not that acquainted with my philosophy
By Amazon Customer
En este libro, Orbaugh muestra y explica en un lenguaje claro y sencillo, las ideas hasta la fecha del Objetivismo, el sistema filosófico cuyos principios básicos fueron establecidas por Ayn Rand. Incluye, además de estos principios, las contribuciones de pensadores que han hecho importantes aportaciones, construidas y derivadas a partir de éstos. Entre estas, la naturaleza de la volición, de la auto-estima, y del amor romántico por Nathaniel Branden; los principios epistemológicos sobre la evidencia de los sentidos por David Kelley y la teoría de las proposiciones y naturaleza de la certeza por Harry Binswanger; los principios de la inducción por Leonard Peikoff y David Harriman; la virtud de la benevolencia por David Kelley y Nathaniel Branden; el desarrollo en detalle de las virtudes e implicaciones y derivaciones que Rand menciona, por Craig Biddle y Tara Smith; la elaboración de la base moral del Capitalismo de Andrew Bernstein; y los principios del libre mercado por George Reisman. Muestra además el contexto de ideas que el Objetivismo critica y corrige, para ayudarle al lector a comprender mejor las sutilezas de las discusiones filosóficas.
El título nos recuerda una característica importante de la filosofía Objetivista como se propuso en la primera presentación de ésta como un sistema integrado: The Basic Principles of Objectivism. Éste fue un curso de veinte conferencias presentado y creado por Nathaniel Branden en el Nathaniel Branden Institute, desde 1958 a 1968. El curso empieza con The Role of Philosophy (El Papel de la Filosofía), y culmina con la lección veinte: The Benevolent Sense of Life (El Sentido de Vida Benevolente). En la conclusión del libro, Orbaugh explica que el Objetivismo proporciona este sentido de vida: el de un universo inteligible, donde la vida del individuo es un valor y es consecuencia de la acción exitosa, donde se valora la razón como el instrumento que identifica la realidad y le permite al hombre sobrevivir, donde la conducta ética es para vivir y disfrutar, donde uno se acerca a los demás con la expectativa de que serán racionales, donde las interrelaciones entre individuos son en base al respeto mutuo de sus derechos y con el propósito de intercambiar valor por valor. El Objetivismo presenta una afirmación de las posibilidades de la existencia, una glorificación del potencial humano y de las posibilidades de la vida exitosa y feliz en la tierra.
Orbaugh muestra que quienes consideran que el egoísmo racional es un egoísmo arisco e insociable, que consiste en victimizar y explotar cínicamente a los demás se equivocan. Éstos, quienes no han entendido el Objetivismo, confunden la benevolencia con el altruismo, y por eso, no conciben que el egoísta racional pueda ser benevolente. El egoísmo racional como lo define Ayn Rand, nos indica Orbaugh, consiste en actuar en base a un razonamiento correcto, que identifica lo que es de interés objetivo para el agente con el propósito de florecer. La benevolencia es la virtud que busca alcanzar la cooperación social, tan necesaria para vivir una buena vida. De hecho, Ayn Rand era una persona muy benevolente y generosa. Ella donó dinero al Studio Club en Hollywood para ayudar a jóvenes talentosas que empezaban sus carreras y no disponían de fondos. También contribuyó a la fundación para comprar armamento para Finlandia. Becó a su sobrina política, Docky Sutton, para que terminara sus estudios en Boston. Y Leonard Peikoff relata como era de generosa con su tiempo para explicar a jóvenes interesados, complicados aspectos filosóficos.
En cuanto a la benevolencia como virtud, aunque Rand no le dedicó tanta atención como a la virtud de la racionalidad, le dedicó un capítulo en La Virtud del Egoísmo, “La ética de las Emergencias” donde pone:
“¿Qué es, entonces, lo que se puede entregar apropiadamente a los desconocidos? El respeto y la buena voluntad que se deben en general a todo ser humano en nombre del valor potencial que representa, hasta tanto y en la medida en que lo merezca.”
Nathaniel Branden amplía sobre este principio en su artículo “La benevolencia contra el altruismo” publicado en The Objectivist Newsletter de julio de 1962.
Quienes insisten, como algunos que critican el libro de Orbaugh, en que el Objetivismo es sólo la filosofía que creó Ayn Rand, contradicen la evidencia. ¿Qué son las aportaciones de Nathaniel Branden que son parte de los libros sobre Objetivismo? ¿Qué es el artículo “The Objectivist Theory of Volition” de Branden publicado en The Objectivist de enero y febrero de 1966? Y, los capítulos “¿No somos todos egoístas?” y “La psicología del placer” de Branden en La Virtud del Egoísmo, ¿qué son? Y el capítulo “La dicotomía analítico-sintética”, por Peikoff, en Introducción a la Epistemología Objetivista, ¿qué es? Y el artículo “The Primacy of Existence” de David Kelley, publicado en The Objectivist Forum, ¿qué es? ¿Son éstos parte del Objetivismo o no lo son? ¿Por qué aparecen en publicaciones sobre Objetivismo si no son Objetivismo? Fingir que estos pensadores no aportaron nada al sistema es una gran injusticia.
Por otro lado, sostener que Objetivismo es sólo lo que Rand propuso, daña al Objetivismo como sistema, condenándolo a estar incompleto por siempre, pues no se podría elaborar ni agregar aquello que le falta. Rand no elaboró sobre la inducción, ni sobre la epistemología de las proposiciones, ni sobre la aplicación de la racionalidad a la acción de conseguir y conservar aquellos valores que dan origen a las virtudes implícitas y derivadas de la racionalidad, ni a la estética con respecto a la música ni a la arquitectura, ni a otros temas más. Rand estaba consciente de que aún faltaba mucho por hacer, que faltaban muchos aspectos que cubrir. En la entrevista que le hiciera Garth Ancier de Focus on Youth, en 1978, Ayn Rand dijo:
“I'm glad that you are not that acquainted with my philosophy, because if you were, you would know that I haven't nearly said everything yet. I do have a complete philosophical system, but the elaboration of a system is a job that no philosopher can finish in his lifetime. There is an awful lot of work yet to be done”.
[Objevtively Speaking: Ayn Rand Interviewed, edited by Marlene Podriske and Peter Schwartz, p. 239]
Ella valoró las contribuciones que hicieron aquellos cuyos escritos incluyó en sus publicaciones. Incluso continuó valorando el trabajo de Branden después de que se peleó con él. Nunca borró sus ensayos de sus antologías. Nunca abjuró de sus contribuciones mientras él estuvo asociado con su filosofía, y de hecho, las consideró como parte del corpus del Objetivismo, aún después de su ruptura con él. Con respecto a lo que se podía considerar como fuentes auténticamente Objetivistas, Rand declaró en su columna de los Angeles Times del 26 de agosto de 1962 lo siguiente:
“Please take the following as an official ‘Public Notice’. The only authentic sources of information about Objectivism are: My own works. Who is Ayn Rand? By Nathaniel Branden… The Objectivist Newsletter… The lecture courses on Objectivism given by Nathaniel Branden Institute… and the publications of that Institute.”
Entonces, ¿son o no son Objetivismo las contribuciones de los autores que escribieron en estos medios que en esa fecha divulgaban las ideas Objetivistas?
Y ¿qué hay de los autores que escribieron para contribuir a las ideas del Objetivismo en las publicaciones de Rand, una vez ella estuviera muerta? ¿Qué son sus escritos, ahora aprobados por el Ayn Rand Institute? ¿Son Objetivismo o son otra cosa? ¿Cuál es el criterio para establecer si una teoría que complementa lo que Rand propuso es Objetivismo o no? ¿Es el criterio, que Ayn Rand lo diga, o que ella lo apruebe, o que la teoría sea objetiva, es decir, que describa la realidad por medio de la lógica? En “A Message To Our Readers”, del Objectivist Newsletter de abril de 1965, Branden pone:
“In the future, when Objectivism has become an intellectual and cultural movement on a wider scale, when a variety of authors have written books dealing with some aspect of the Objectivist philosophy –it could be appropriate for those in agreement to describe themselves as “Objectivists.””
Ese futuro del que habla Branden es ahora. Las contribuciones incluidas por Orbaugh son aquellas que por años se han presentado y discutido en los Congresos Objetivistas del Ayn Rand Institute (OCON). Resume el libro de Orbaugh, los libros que recomienda al final de su libro, y que pueden comprarse en el Ayn Rand Institute.
Por eso recomiendo este libro para quien quiera conocer el Objetivismo como se discute actualmente, y que si decide ir a OCON, entienda los tópicos que se discuten como si siempre hubiese asistido a las conferencias.

5 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Una aportación valiosa
By Luis Figueroa
“Objetivismo: la filosofía benevolente”, por Warren Orbaugh no es la repetición de lo que dijo, o escribió Rand. Eso no hace falta. El libro integra aportaciones de otros estudiosos del objetivismo y abre brecha con nuevas perspectivas. Contribuye a materializar el objetivismo como un movimiento vivo (en oposición a la momia intelectual anquilosada que algunos quisieran que fuera).

Este libro resume e informa -a partir de los principios que estableció Ayn Rand- acerca de las derivaciones y aportaciones sobre temas que ella no abordo; por ejemplo: Rand no se ocupó de la validez de los sentidos, ni abundó en la idea del ser humano como ser vivo y de conciencia volitiva. Hacía falta construir sobre lo que dejó la filósofa.

En epistemología Rand estableció una teoría de conceptos; pero no una de proposiciones, ni abordó la función cognitiva de las proposiciones, lo que sí ha hecho Binswanger. Rand tampoco abordó el tema de la inducción, lo que sí han hecho Peikoff y Harriman y al primero le debemos la dicotomía analítico-sintética.

En cuanto a ética, Rand estableció un sistema con los principales valores y virtudes, pero Tara Smith y Craig Biddle han enriquecido lo escrito por Rand al contrastar el objetivismo con otras corrientes éticas; y han ampliado el concepto de florecimiento. A partir la virtud de la racionalidad es posible la derivación de otras virtudes al mostrar cómo es que estas son la racionalidad aplicada en aspectos específicos para conseguir una vida próspera y feliz (que es el florecimiento). Tal es el caso de prácticas como la higiene personal y el fortalecimiento del cuerpo mediante el ejercicio. Tal es el caso de la prudencia, también.

El tema de la benevolencia es una virtud que Rand no desarrolló en sus escritos de no-ficción, pero que mostró en “El manantial” y en “La rebelión de Atlas”; por ejemplo, Roark fue generoso con Mallory; y Dagny le dio US$100 (¡de 1950!) a un vagabundo.
Otra aportación del libro es sobre los derechos individuales cuya teoría es comparada con las de otros filósofos para ilustrar mejor la aportación de Rand.

En materia de economía, el libro de Orbaugh explica muy bien el sistema de precios y ayuda mucho a entender cómo funciona el mercado, desde la perspectiva del objetivismo.

En su obra, Orbaugh sabe explicar, dar ejemplos y aclarar con una pluma que invita a profundizar y a seguir leyendo no sólo a quienes ya hemos tenido contacto abundante con el objetivismo; sino –y esto es muy importante– para aquellos que están aproximándose.

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